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♪ I dreamt last night the moon
was so bright it melted the walls away

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♪ and it wasn't alarming when I saw prince
charming come into my bedroom and say,

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♪ "let me persuade you to come to the
place where tomorrow meets today!" Oh! ♪

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'If you were a
scientist, you were it.'

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'Your excellent scientists,
I am your faithful servant.'

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'building a new world.'

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To those who began the revolution in Russia 75
years ago, science was a grand liberating force.

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They believed Karl Marx had
found the scientific laws of society

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with which they would create a new
world with everyone equal and free.

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But within 20 years, the revolution was taken over
by technocrats, who thought of the crowd as atoms.

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They were inspired by
the laws of engineering.

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They wanted to transform the Soviet
union into a giant rational machine

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{\an8}which they would run
for their political masters.

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{\an8}Translation:

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{\an8}Music: "Summertime
blues" by Eddie Cochran

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Bell tolls

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00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:26,679
this is a story of science
and political power -

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how the bolsheviks' vision of using science
to change the world was itself transformed.

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What resulted was a strange experiment, far
removed from the original aims of the revolution.

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'Greetings from Moscow,
the capital of the Soviet union -

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'the world's first
socialist state.

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'All belongs to the people, all is created by the
people and all is done to benefit the people.'

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modern technology was
central to the bolsheviks' plans.

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Above all, the new
power of electricity.

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In 1920, Lenin unveiled a huge map dotted with light
bulbs to show the planned electrification of the ussr.

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To illuminate the bulbs, all electricity
in the rest of Moscow had to be shut off.

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Communism, said Lenin, is
Soviet power plus electrification.

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The aim of the bolsheviks was
to transform the people they ruled

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into what they called
"scientific beings",

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people able to understand and
control machines, not be enslaved.

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In mass parades, machines "crushed"
the irrational dogmas of the past.

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Moscow became "a talking city" -

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its walls adorned with
geometric perspectives,

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its statues surrounded by
parallelograms and futuristic structures.

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Even music was used to transform
the way people understood the world.

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Electrical machines made
what was called "rational music".

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The most extraordinary project of
all was the central institute of labour.

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It was run by alexei gastev, who studied
workers as though they were parts in a machine.

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It was far more than
mere time and motion.

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Gastev believed he could teach
people to behave in a rational way.

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To do this, he built the social engineering machine.
How it worked is a mystery, even to his son.

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"Such is the power of
science," said trotsky,

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"that the average human being will become an Aristotle,
a Marx. And beyond this, new peaks will rise."

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In fact, the power to shape
the future of the Soviet union

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was passing to those who could
build the new industrial society.

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They were known as the bourgeois specialists, engineers
who had the skills to master modern technology.

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By 1923 they made up over three
quarter of the state planning committee.

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Under the tsar, their plans for factories
and power stations had not been realised.

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Now they could build them and
they became influential figures.

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Lenin saw his dream of control
over this new world slipping away.

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"To tell the truth," he said, "the communists are
not directing anything. They are being directed."

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But in 1924, Lenin died.

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After a bitter struggle,
Stalin seized power.

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He decided to send Russia on a
crash course of industrialisation.

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It would bring even more
power to the bourgeois engineers.

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They sing in Russian

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{\an8}Man's voice:

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{\an8}Song continues

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in 1927, Stalin began
the five year plan.

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Hundreds of thousands of volunteers travelled to
the remote and desolate parts of the Soviet union.

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Millions more were forced to join them. They had
five years to build a modern industrial state.

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Magnitogorsk, built in the far-off
ural mountains on the edge of Asia,

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was to become one of the
largest steel plants in the world.

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At the centre of
these gigantic projects

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were the only engineers they
had - the bourgeois specialists.

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At the end of 1930, the engineers'
dream suddenly became a nightmare.

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Stalin ordered 2,000 of them to be arrested and
eight of them were put on a public show trial.

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The charges were fantastic.

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It was alleged that the engineers
had plotted to seize power

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and impose a government of
technical specialists and scientists.

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Their "confessions"
were carefully rehearsed.

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But behind this public charade
was a very real struggle.

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A year before, a group of engineers
had publicly challenged Stalin

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to give them more
control of the five year plan.

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The future, they had announced,
belongs to managing engineers.

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Instead, they were condemned to death or to
continue to work on their schemes in chains.

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A week later, Stalin announced bolsheviks must
master technology. They must become specialists.

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In the reconstruction period,
technology decides everything.

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He ordered engineering schools
to be set up across the country.

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But in the process, the aim of
the revolution was redefined.

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Technology was to have been the means to liberate
the people. Now it had become an end in itself -

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large-scale
industrial production.

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The education the engineers
received was of the narrowest kind.

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The commissar of education pleaded with Stalin,
"there is a certain minimum of scientific culture

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"which an engineer must master.

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"It is as if, discovering we can live with
four fingers, we cut-off the fifth one."

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But he was dismissed.

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Accordion intro

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{\an8}they sing in Russian

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{\an8}the model for this new world was america, the
most successful industrial state in the world.

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Stalin was determined
to overtake it.

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Sings solo

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the prototype was magnitogorsk,

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{\an8}which had been based on
a particular American city.

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{\an8}"We invite you to a city which has the largest
steelworks, the largest plant in the world.

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{\an8}"We invite you to a city of blazing furnaces,
of handsome homes, of magnificent schools,

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{\an8}"of fraternal temples,
of shining beaches,

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{\an8}"of restful dunes, of flashing
water, of dazzling sands.

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"This is the city that we
invite you. It is the magic city.

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"It is called the magic
city for these reasons."

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Like many cities in america's north
east, Gary is now almost derelict.

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But 70 years ago, it was
a new kind of model city,

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planned around a steel mill.

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To its builders, it was a
chance to break with the past.

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We were building that city. We took pride in
that. We started fresh. We didn't undo anything.

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We picked out what was the
best all over. Even the steel mills,

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we didn't have to destroy
something to put something better in.

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We got the best out
of the catalogues.

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There was a magic
in doing this thing.

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You took pride in something like
that. We were all building the new world.

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Magnitogorsk was a copy of Gary. These plans
for the works with the city radiating out

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were drawn up by the same
American designers who'd built Gary.

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Some American engineers
even came to magnitogorsk

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to take part in the building
of Russia's city of steel.

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As in Gary, a planned city
began to grow up around the plant.

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But in a nearby valley, a very different city was
constructed where the American engineers lived.

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Designed by a young
Russian architect,

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{\an8}these dozen houses were copied
from American architectural catalogues.

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{\an8}It was very like mount Vernon, New
York, or germantown, Pennsylvania.

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In what everyone
called the American city,

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the atmosphere had the
smugness of park Avenue,

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{\an8}yet less than two miles away, the wolves howled and
the wind blew across the endless Russian steppe.

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{\an8}Rosa inkina:

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Those living in the American city were the new elite
- old bolshevik commissars, foreign technicians

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and an increasing number
of young red engineers.

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Dance music on gramophone

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by the mid-30s, the engineers
had become the heroes of society.

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Praised by Stalin, they
flaunted their new status,

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relaxing in the shadow of the
industrial world they had built.

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Soviet man, who was once to
have surpassed Aristotle and Marx,

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had been replaced by
the zealous engineer,

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taught to think of everything in technical
terms, and completely loyal to Stalin.

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In the 30s, thousands travelled to the Soviet
union to marvel at this dream come true.

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But what they saw was an orderly
society administered by technocrats.

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George Bernard Shaw made
it clear that what he admired

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{\an8}was the benevolent despotism
of these enlightened technicians.

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{\an8}"The leaders were scientifically
educated for their job," he said.

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{\an8}Russia, her people employed
to the last man and woman,

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{\an8}her scientific agriculture
trebling her harvests,

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{\an8}her roaring and multiplying factories, her efficient
rulers, her sense of such hope and security

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{\an8}as has never before been seen
in a civilised country on earth.

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'Hello. Good evening, everybody!

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'This is Moscow calling.'

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'the power of the counter-
revolutionary group is over.'

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no trotskyist reptiles and
their foreign protectors can...'

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in 1937, Stalin began
another series of purges.

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'Death to enemies
of the people!'

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this time his targets
were the old bolsheviks.

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Now they ran the country as commissars and plant
directors. In a notorious wave of show trials,

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Stalin destroyed them.

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The purge struck magnitogorsk with great force.
No group, nobody in the works was spared.

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The American city
emptied of old specialists.

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After the purge, the administrative personnel
was almost 100% young Soviet engineers.

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They were in charge now.

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The beneficiaries of these
purges were Stalin's red engineers.

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They were in charge
of Soviet industry.

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Among them were young
men like leonid brezhnev,

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alexei kosygin...

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And nikita khrushchev.

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Unlike the bourgeois engineers,

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they were completely
unquestioning of Stalin's political aims.

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Their narrow specialist training
meant they planned the Soviet union

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as though it were a
piece of engineering.

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There would be technical
solutions to everything.

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The war seemed to
prove the engineers right.

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It was their organisation of the industrial plants
that ultimately saved Russia from the Nazis.

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Victory left large parts of
the country utterly destroyed.

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Those now in charge were convinced that to rebuild
the Soviet union an all-embracing plan was needed,

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one in which everything would
be taken care of in a rational way.

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{\an8}It was a vision of
a planned utopia.

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{\an8}Singing in Russian:

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{\an8}Everything in the new Russia was to be designed
and controlled from the centre of Moscow.

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As the women sing of the future, they march
past the giant hq of this organised society -

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00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:57,720
gosplan - state plan.

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Gosplan's managers built a world
that was simple, like a machine.

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Everything society needed, down to the smallest
object, was constructed to their design.

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Their instructions were
called planned indicators -

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rational predictions of what
they knew society needed.

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'One wants to get a view from
all sides of this beautiful structure,

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'which the Soviet people
call the palace of science.'

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by the early '50s, vast reconstruction
projects had changed the face of Soviet cities.

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Rationing ended six
years earlier than in britain.

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The Soviet union was now
an advanced industrial society.

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It was the golden
age of the plan.

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00:31:10,480 --> 00:31:14,400
But in its grandeur, the sweep of its
ambitions, lay the seeds of its downfall.

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{\an8}Lelchuk:

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{\an8}Manager:

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{\an8}Worker:

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{\an8}'As the song ends,

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00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:29,200
{\an8}'everybody swings into
a waltz.' dance music

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00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:56,999
{\an8}'The world has been dominated
by the malignant power of Stalin.

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00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:05,000
{\an8}'Now Stalin is dead and he cannot bequeath
to anyone his prestige. A new era begins.'

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00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:15,520
{\an8}'how wonderful it is to be young, and to
know all doors are wide open before you.

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00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:22,279
When Stalin died,
the terror subsided.

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00:34:22,280 --> 00:34:27,200
The planned economy flourished,
but strange things began to happen.

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00:34:32,680 --> 00:34:37,839
The planners discovered that what seemed rational
to them could lead to the oddest behaviour.

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00:34:37,840 --> 00:34:42,479
Whole trainloads of output went
thousands of miles for no reason,

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00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:47,719
simply to fulfil a plan based
on tons carried per kilometre.

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00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:51,760
Folk tales about the
plan began to circulate.

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00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:40,839
Nikita khrushchev, 1931 graduate
from the Moscow industrial academy,

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00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:46,399
understood the problem. It was
the growing complexity of society.

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00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:50,680
What had made it manageable was not scientific
planning but Stalin's brutal terror.

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He had to change the plan.

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Piped muzak

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00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:37,760
phone rings

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00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:48,879
In 1957, khrushchev attacked
the planning bureaucracy publicly.

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00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:52,080
He made a speech that laid
bare the absurdities in Soviet life.

208
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:56,000
Why were sofas
getting ever bigger?

209
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:01,399
Why were the metal
chandeliers all over Russia

210
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:05,679
so heavy that they
threatened to crash down?

211
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:09,839
The reason was the planners'
method of assessing the plan.

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00:37:09,840 --> 00:37:12,919
The more metal,
the more wood used,

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00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:15,960
the better the plan was working.

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00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:29,400
{\an8}Khrushchev insisted the bureaucrats
must take into account prices, too.

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00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:44,840
{\an8}Phone rings

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00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,959
{\an8}But khrushchev's attempts to
reform the planning system failed.

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00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:42,440
Taking power away from gosplan, creating
regional plans, only added to the complexity.

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00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:54,119
One senior scientist,
gushkov, predicted that by 1980,

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00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:57,680
the entire Soviet nation would be
employed in administering the plan.

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{\an8}He felt the solution was the science
of rational control, cybernetics.

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00:40:05,760 --> 00:40:11,119
{\an8}'Cybernetics is a young branch of
science which has a tremendous future.

222
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:16,120
{\an8}'The institute of cybernetics'
director, Viktor gushkov, says,

223
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:23,039
'"cybernetics is central
to the scientific revolution.

224
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:27,559
'"What I have in mind is the use
of computers in planning the future,

225
00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:30,720
'"in forecasting scientific
and technological progress."'

226
00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:46,640
Academic:

227
00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:38,320
Into this computer, the planners fed all the
information they could find about Soviet society.

228
00:41:40,920 --> 00:41:45,000
It revitalised the hope that
science could control society.

229
00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:55,879
The attempt to use the computers on such a vast
scale could not save the plan or khrushchev.

230
00:42:55,880 --> 00:43:00,759
In 1964, he was replaced
by brezhnev and kosygin.

231
00:43:00,760 --> 00:43:04,319
They were convinced that there
were rational, scientific solutions

232
00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:07,400
that could still lead Russia
to the promised land.

233
00:43:11,360 --> 00:43:16,400
'First one... Then many
more. Like tiny islands.

234
00:43:22,720 --> 00:43:28,440
'Now looking as though it is strewn
with stars, a city of light lies below.

235
00:43:30,080 --> 00:43:31,480
'This is omsk.'

236
00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:42,919
The country's new leaders realised that
although the economy was still growing,

237
00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:46,360
and living conditions improving,
the plan was badly out of control.

238
00:43:49,080 --> 00:43:57,079
'No, we're not back in Moscow. These people are
all siberians, workers in an aircraft factory.

239
00:43:57,080 --> 00:44:00,960
'Metal-workers, turners,
designers and engineers.'

240
00:44:02,840 --> 00:44:07,000
the problem was the complexity of modern
life, the intricacy of people's demands.

241
00:44:09,520 --> 00:44:12,960
The planners wanted to
predict this scientifically.

242
00:45:03,960 --> 00:45:07,280
'These young people are
looking in a two-way mirror.

243
00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:12,680
{\an8}'They have no idea
they're in our film.

244
00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:19,040
{\an8}Woman:

245
00:47:16,560 --> 00:47:19,680
{\an8}Aganbegyan:

246
00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:04,839
{\an8}'The urge to accomplish the
tasks laid down by the plan

247
00:48:04,840 --> 00:48:10,039
{\an8}'stimulates people and
encourages them to be creative.'

248
00:48:10,040 --> 00:48:15,200
they all refer to "the plan"

249
00:49:33,120 --> 00:49:39,719
'The workers' collectives
take on increased obligations

250
00:49:39,720 --> 00:49:43,439
'and counter the plan
with one of their own.

251
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:46,120
'This is known accordingly
as a counter-plan.

252
00:49:49,720 --> 00:49:53,759
'"The main point about
our brigade's counter-plan

253
00:49:53,760 --> 00:49:59,119
'"is the planned over-fulfilment
of our production assignment."'

254
00:49:59,120 --> 00:50:05,159
by the mid '70s, the Soviet leaders
gave up on reforming the plan.

255
00:50:05,160 --> 00:50:11,479
Much of industry degenerated
into pointless, elaborate ritual.

256
00:50:11,480 --> 00:50:15,719
What had begun as a grand
attempt to build a rational society

257
00:50:15,720 --> 00:50:21,040
ended by creating a bizarre, bewildering
existence for millions of Soviet people.

258
00:50:29,240 --> 00:50:34,759
When the plan demanded a laundry
must give a quota of scrap metal,

259
00:50:34,760 --> 00:50:36,600
there was no way to question it.

260
00:51:26,080 --> 00:51:32,599
'Somewhere at the end of the road
there's the pacific, the quiet ocean

261
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:39,319
'the roar of which never dies down.
Beyond the horizon lies the 1980s,

262
00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:42,359
'new destinies and new songs.'

263
00:51:42,360 --> 00:51:47,960
male singer croons in Russian

264
00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:26,680
They continue their song

265
00:54:29,960 --> 00:54:34,279
and then on January 1st,
1992, all this disappeared

266
00:54:34,280 --> 00:54:39,760
to be replaced by another dream
from america - the free market.